8–10 Marks • High Yield

Analog Circuits — Complete Revision Notes

Diode Circuits, BJT/MOSFET Small Signal Hybrid-Pi, Op-Amps & Slew Rate • Curated by Akshat

1. Diode Circuits (Clippers, Clampers & Zener)

Half-Wave Rectifier: $V_{dc} = \frac{V_m}{\pi}$, $V_{rms} = \frac{V_m}{2}$, Ripple Factor $\gamma = 1.21$, Efficiency $\eta = 40.6\%$, PIV $= V_m$.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier: $V_{dc} = \frac{2V_m}{\pi}$, $V_{rms} = \frac{V_m}{\sqrt{2}}$, Ripple Factor $\gamma = 0.482$, Efficiency $\eta = 81.2\%$, PIV $= V_m$.
Zener Diode Regulator: Regulates voltage when in reverse breakdown ($V_L = V_Z$). Condition for regulation: $I_Z \ge I_{Z,min} > 0$.

BJT Transconductance: $g_m = \frac{I_C}{V_T}$ ($V_T = 26\text{ mV}$ at 300K), $r_\pi = \frac{\beta}{g_m} = \frac{V_T}{I_B}$, $r_0 = \frac{V_A}{I_C}$.
Common Emitter Gain: $A_v = -g_m (R_C \parallel R_L \parallel r_0)$. If unbypassed emitter resistor $R_E$ is present: $A_v \approx -\frac{R_C}{R_E + r_e}$.
MOSFET Saturation Current: $I_D = \frac{1}{2} k_n' \frac{W}{L}(V_{GS}-V_{TH})^2$. Transconductance $g_m = \sqrt{2 k_n' \frac{W}{L} I_D} = \frac{2I_D}{V_{GS}-V_{TH}}$.

Ideal Op-Amp: $A_{OL} = \infty$, $R_{in} = \infty$, $R_{out} = 0$, $\text{BW} = \infty$, $\text{CMRR} = \infty$.
Virtual Short: $V_+ = V_-$ holds strictly under negative feedback while output is not saturated ($|V_{out}| < V_{sat}$).
Inverting / Non-Inverting Gain: $A_v = -\frac{R_f}{R_1}$ (Inverting); $A_v = 1 + \frac{R_f}{R_1}$ (Non-inverting).
Integrator & Differentiator: Integrator $V_o(t) = -\frac{1}{RC}\int V_{in} dt$; Differentiator $V_o(t) = -RC \frac{dV_{in}}{dt}$.
Slew Rate (SR): $\text{SR} = \left.\frac{dV_o}{dt}\right|_{max} = 2\pi f_{max} V_p \implies f_{max} = \frac{\text{SR}}{2\pi V_p}$.

Linear Algebra, Calculus, Euler-Cauchy ODEs, Complex Variables, Probability & Statistics

LTI Convolution, CTFT, DTFT, Laplace ROC, Z-Transform, Nyquist Sampling

Thevenin, Norton, Max Power, Transient Step Response, AC Resonance, Two-Port Matrices

AM, FM, Carson's Rule, PCM Quantization SNR, BPSK, QPSK, Shannon Channel Capacity

Mason's Gain, 2nd Order Transient Specs, Routh-Hurwitz, Root Locus, Bode & Nyquist

K-Maps, MUX, Decoders, Flip-Flops, Synchronous Counters, FSM Mealy/Moore, ADC/DAC

Maxwell's Equations, Plane Wave Reflection, Transmission Lines, Smith Chart, Waveguides

Numerical Reasoning, Spatial Reasoning, Speed-Distance, Permutations, Probability